The Pepperbox Wilderness is located on the western side of the Adirondack Park, entirely within the Town of Webb in Herkimer County and just north of the Moshier Reservoir and the Beaver River. At 14,600 acres it is one of the smallest Wilderness areas in the Adirondacks.

The terrain is generally flat with a few small, rolling hills. Swampland predominates with spruce, fir and red maple. Alder swamps, marsh and beaver flows are also common. The drier sites are vegetated with pole-size northern hardwoods. The entire area appears to have been heavily burned over and logged in the past and is not particularly scenic by usual standards. It is, however, ideally suited for snowshoeing and cross-country skiing.

Several ponds are found in the area. The area is classed as wilderness because of its remoteness and also due to the extensive wetland ecosystems involved. The flora and fauna associated with moist ecosystems, such as found in the Pepperbox, seem to exhibit more species diversity than any others in the Adirondacks. Birdlife and small mammals are especially abundant.

There is very little human use of this wilderness, except for light hunting. Access is moderately difficult because of the distance from public roads and the lack of a trail system.  There is an access trail to the wilderness from Moshier Falls.  The Raven Lake Jeep Trail runs near the southeastern border of the wilderness.